Research

La Vigne, N., Fontaine, J., & Dwivedi, A. 2017. How Do People in High-Crime, Low-Income Communities View the Police?. Urban Institute. https://nnscommunities.org/uploads/how_do_people_in_high-crime_view_the_police.pdf

Tyler, T., & Fagan, J. (2008). Legitimacy and Cooperation: Why Do People Help the Police Fight Crime in Their Communities?. 6 Ohio State J. Crim. L. 231.

Bradford, B., Sergeant, E., Murphy, K., & Jackson, J. (2015).  A Leap of Faith? Trust in the Police Among Immigrants in England and Wales. Br J Criminol 2017; 57 (2): 381-401. doi: 10.1093/bjc/azv126.

Meares, T. (2009). The Legitimacy of Police Among Young African-American Men. Marquette Law Review, 92(4) 651-666

Bradford, Ben. (2014). Policing and Social Identity: Procedural Justice, Inclusion and Cooperation Between Police and Public. Policing and Society, 24:1, 22-43, DOI: 10.1080/10439463.2012.724068 

La Vigne, N. G., Lachman, P., Rao, S., Matthews, A. (2014). Stop and Frisk: Balancing Crime Control with Community Relations. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. 

Sadler, M. S., Correll, J., Park, B., & Judd, C. M. (2012). The world is not Black and White: Racial bias in the decision to shoot in a multiethnic context. Journal of Social Issues, 68(2), 286-313.

Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C. M., & Wittenbrink, B. (2002). The police officer's dilemma: using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals. Journal of personality and social psychology, 83(6), 1314-1329.

Blair, I. V., Ma, J. E., & Lenton, A. P. (2001). Imagining stereotypes away: the moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery. Journal of personality and social psychology, 81(5), 828-841.

Ziegert, J. C., & Hanges, P. J. (2005). Employment Discrimination: The Role of Implicit Attitudes, Motivation, and a Climate for Racial Bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 553-562.

Correll, et al., (2007). The influence of stereotypes on decisions to shoot. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37: 1102–1117.

Chartrand, T. L.; Bargh, J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception–behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(6), 893-910.

Belvedere, K., Worrall, J.L. & Tibbetts, S.G. (2005).  Explaining suspect resistance in police-citizen encounters.  Criminal Justice Review, 30(1), 30-44.

Bayley, D. & Nixon, C. (2010).  The changing environment for policing, 1985-2008. New Perspectives in Policing. Harvard Kennedy School Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management.

Anderson, Elijah (2014, August 13).  What caused the Ferguson riot exists in so many other cities, too.  Washington Post.

Abuwala, R. & Farole, D.J. (2008).  The effects of the Harlem housing court on tenant perceptions of justice.  New York: NY Center for Court Innovation.

Tyler, T.R. (2001).  Public trust and confidence in legal authorities.  Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 19, 215-235.

Tyler, T.R. (2006).  Why people obey the law. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Tyler, T.R. (2006b).  Psychological perspectives on legitimacy and legitimation.  Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 375-400.

Tyler, T.R.  (March, 2014).  Legitimacy and procedural justice: A new element of police leadership.  Police Executive Research Forum.

Tyler, T.R., Casper, J.D. & Fisher, B. (1989).  Maintaining allegiance toward political authorities:  The role of prior attitudes and the use of fair procedures.  American Journal of Political Science, 33, 629 - 652.

Tyler, T.R. & Fagan, J. (2008).  Legitimacy And Cooperation: Why do people help the police fight crime in their communities?  Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 6, 231-275.

Tyler, T.R. (2011).  Why people cooperate. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Tyler, T.R., Fagan, J. & Geller, A. (2014).  Street stops and police legitimacy: Teachable moments in young urban men’s legal socialization. New Haven: Yale Law School.

Tyler, T.R. & Huo, Y.J. (2002).  Trust in the law. New York: Russell-Sage.

Tyler, T.R. & Jackson, J. (2014). Popular Legitimacy and the Exercise of Legal Authority: Motivating Compliance, Cooperation and Engagement. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 20, 78-95. 

Tyler, T.R., Sherman, L.W., Strang, H., Barnes, G.C. & Woods, D.J.  (2007). Reintegrative shaming, procedural justice, and recidivism: The engagement of offenders’ psychological mechanisms in the Canberra RISE drinking-and-driving experiment. Law and Society Review, 41(3), 553-586.

Tyler, T.R. & Wakslak, C. (2004).  Profiling and the legitimacy of the police:  Procedural justice, attributions of motive, and the acceptance of social authority. Criminology, 42, 13-42.

Tyler, T.R. (1988). What is procedural justice?: Criteria used by citizens to assess the fairness of legal procedures.  Law and Society Review, 22, 103-135.

Tyler, T.R. (1984). The role of perceived injustice in defendant's evaluations of their courtroom experience.  Law and Society Review, 18, 51-74.

Vickrey, W.C., Denton, D.G. & Jefferson, W.B. (2013). Opinions as the voice of the court: How state Supreme Courts can communicate effectively and promote procedural fairness.  Harvard: Kennedy School.

Wales, H.W., Hiday, V.A. & Ray, B. (2010).  Procedural justice and the mental health court judge’s role in reducing recidivism.  International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 33, 265-271.

Ward, J.T. (2011).  Caught in their own speed trap: The intersection of speed enforcement policy, police legitimacy, and decision acceptance.  Police Quarterly, 14, 251-276.

Watson, A.C. & Angell, B. (2012).  The role of stigma and uncertainty in moderating the effect of procedural justice on cooperation and resistance in police encounters with persons with mental illnesses.  Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 19(1), 30-39.

Wemmers, J.M. (1996).  Victims in the criminal justice system: A study into the treatment of victims and its effect on their attitudes and behavior. Dissertation. Leiden University.

Wemmers, J.M. (2013).  Victims’ experiences in the criminal justice system and their recovery from crime.  International Review of Victimology, 19, 221–233.

Levin Wheller, Paul Quinton, Alistair Fildes & PC Andy Mills.  (2013).  The greater Manchester Police procedural justice training experiment.  UK: College of Policing.

Wylie, L., Gibson, C., Brank, E.M., Fondacaro, M.R., Smith, S., Brown, V.E., & Miller, S.A. (2010). Assessing school and student predictors of weapons reporting. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 8, 351-372.

David Von Drehle, Alex Altman (2014, September 1).  Inside the Tragedy of Ferguson. Time Magazine.

United States Department of Justice (June 12, 2013).  Statement of interest of the United States in Floyd v. City of New York.  In United States District Court, Southern District of New York.

Tomkins, A.J., Bornstein, B., Herian, M.N., Rosenbaum, D.I. & Neeley, E.M. (2012).  Improving appearance rates.  Court Review, 48, 96-106.

Thibaut, J. & Walker, L. (1975).  Procedural justice: A psychological analysis. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.

Tatar, J.R., Kaasa, S.O. & Cauffman, E. (2012).  Perceptions of procedural justice among female offenders: Time does not heal all wounds.  Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 18, 268-296.

Taylor, R.B. & Lawton, B.A. (2012).  An integrated contextual model of confidence in local police.  Police Quarterly, 15(4), 414-445.

Tatar, J.R., Kaasa, S.O. & Cauffman, E. (2012).  Perceptions of procedural justice among female offenders.  Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 18(2), 268-296.

Tankebe, J. (2009).  Self-help, policing, and procedural justice: Ghanaian vigilantism and the rule of law.  Law and Society Review, 43(2), 245-270.

Sunshine, J. & Tyler, T.R. (2003).  The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing.  Law and Society Review, 37(3), 513-548.

Stuart, J., Fondarcaro, M., Miller, S.A., Brown, V. & Brank, E.M. (2008).  Procedural justice in family conflict resolution and deviant peer group involvement among adolescents.  Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(6), 674-684.

Stott, C., Hoggett, J. & Pearson, G. (2012).  Keeping the peace: Social identity, procedural justice and the policing of football crowds.  British Journal of Criminology, 52, 381-399.

Statement of Interest of the United States. Floyd  v. The City of New York,  U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. Filed June 12, 2013.

Sparks, R., Bottoms, A. & Hay, W. (1996).  Prisons and the Problem of Order.  Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Skogan, W. & Frydl, K. (2004).  Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence.  Washington, DC: National Academies.

Sherman, L.W., Strang, H., Barnes, G.C., Braithwaite, J., Inkpen, N. & Teh, M.M. (1998).  Experiments in restorative policing: A progress report to the National Police Research Unit on the Canberra Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (RISE). Canberra: Australian National University.

Shute, S., Hood, R. & Seemungan, F. (2005).  A fair hearing?: Ethnic minorities in the criminal courts.  UK: Willan.

Rottman, D.B. (2005).  Trust and confidence in the California courts. CA: Judicial Council of California.

Rosenfeld, R., Fornango, R. (2014). The Impact of Police Stops on Precinct Robbery and Burglary Rates in New York City, 2003-2010. Justice Quarterly, 31, 132–158. 

Rosenbaum, D.P., & Lawrence, D.S. (2012).  Teaching respectful police-citizen encounters and good decision making: Results of a randomized control trial with police recruits.  Chicago:   National Police Research Platform.

Robinson, H.M., Sigman, M.R. & Wilson, J.P. (1997).  Duty related stressors and PTSD symptoms in suburban police officers. Psychological Reports, 81(3), 835-845.

Reisig, M.D., Tankebe, J. & Mesko, G. (2013).  Compliance with the law in Slovenia: The role of procedural justice and police legitimacy.  European Journal of Criminal Policy Research, 20(2), 259-276.

Reisig, M.D. & Mesko, G. (2009).  Procedural justice, legitimacy and prisoner misconduct.  Psychology, Crime and Law, 15(1), 41-59.

Reisig, M.D. & Lloyd, C. (2009).  Procedural justice, police legitimacy, and helping the police fight crime.  Police Quarterly, 12(1), 42-62.

Reisig, M.D. (1998).  Rates of disorder in higher-custody state prisons: A comparative analysis of managerial practices.  Crime and Delinquency, 44(2), 229-244.

Piquero, A.R., Gomez-Smith, Z. & Langton, Lynn (2004).  Discerning unfairness when others may not: Low self-control and unfair sanction perceptions.  Criminology, 42(3), 699-733.

Peffley, M. & Hurwitz, J. (2010).  Justice in America: The separate realities of Blacks and Whites.  New York: Cambridge University Press.

Papachristos, A.V., Meares, T.L., Fagan, J. (2012).  Why do criminals obey the law?  Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 102 (2), 397-440.

Norman, J. (2009).  Seen and Not Heard.  Young People’s Perceptions of the police.  Policing, 3(4), 364-372.

Goldstein, J. (August 12, 2013). Judge Rejects New York’s Stop-and-Frisk Policy. The New York Times. 

Myhill, A. & Quinton, P. (2011).  It’s a fair cop?  Police legitimacy, public cooperation and crime reduction.  London, UK: National Policing Improvement Agency.

Myhill, A. & Bradford, B. (2012).  Can police enhance confidence in improving quality of service?  Policing and Society, 22(4), 397-425.

Murphy, K., Tyler, T.R., & Curtis, A. (2009).  Nurturing regulatory compliance: Is procedural justice effective when people question the legitimacy of the law?  Regulation and Governance, 3(1), 1-26.

Murphy, K. & Tyler, T.R. (2008).  Procedural justice and compliance behaviour: The mediating role of emotions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(4), 652-668.

Murphy, K. & Cherney, A. (2012).  Understanding cooperation with police in a diverse society.  British Journal of Criminology, 52, 181-201.

Murphy, K., Hinds, L. & Fleming, J. (2008).  Encouraging public cooperation and support for police.  Policing and Society, 18(2), 136-155.

Murphy, K. (2013).  Does procedural justice matter to youth?  Policing and Society, 25(1), 53-73.

Murphy, K. (2005).  Regulating more effectively: The relationship between procedural justice, legitimacy, and tax noncompliance.  Journal of Law and Society, 32(4), 562-589.

Murphy, K. (2004).  The role of trust in nurturing compliance: A study of accused tax avoiders.  Law and Human Behavior, 28(2), 187-209.

Missed Opportunities, Shared Responsibilities: Final Report of the Cambridge Review Committee (2010, June 15).

Meares, T.L., Tyler, T.R. & Gardener, J. (in press).The two different worlds we live in: Lawfulness and perceived police misconduct.

Meares, T.L. (2014, August 22). Ferguson’s schools are just as troubling as its police force. New Republic.

McCluskey, J.D. (2003).  Police Requests for Compliance: Coercive and procedurally just tactics. NY: LFB Scholarly Publishing.

Mazerolle, L., Bennett, S., Davis, J. Sargeant, E. & Manning, M. (2013b).  Legitimacy in policing: A systematic review.  Oslo, Norway: The Campbell Collaboration

Mazerolle, L., Bennett, S., Davis, J., Sargeant, E. & Manning, M. (2013a). Procedural justice and police legitimacy: A systematic review of the research evidence.  Journal of Experimental Criminology, 9(3), 245-274.

Mazerolle, L., Bennett, S., Antrobus, E. & Tyler, T.R. (2012).  Shaping citizen perceptions of police legitimacy: A randomized field trial of procedural justice. Criminology, 51, 1-31.

Mastrofski, S., Reisig, M.D., & McCluskey, J.D. (2002).  Police disrespect toward the public: An encounter based analysis. Criminology, 40(3), 515-551.

Mastrofski, S., Snipes, J.B. & Supina, A.E. (1996).  Compliance on demand: The public’s response to specific police requests.  Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 33(3), 269-305.

MacNair, R.M. (2002).  Perpetration-induced traumatic stress in combat veterans.  Peace and conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 8(1), 63-71.

MacCoun, R.J., Lind, E.A., Hensler, D.R., Bryant, D.L. & Ebener, P.A. (1988).  Alternative adjudication.  Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.

MacCoun, R.J. (2005). Voice, Control, and Belonging: The Double-Edged Sword of Procedural Fairness, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 1, 171-201.

Listwan, S.J., Sullivan, C.J., Agnew, R., Cullen, F.T. & Colvin, M.  (2013). The pains of imprisonment revisited: The impact of strain on inmate recidivism.  Justice Quarterly, 30(1), 144-168.

Lind, E.A. & Tyler, T.R. (1988). The social psychology of procedural justice.  New York: Plenum Press.

Levi, M., Tyler, T.R. & Sacks, A. (2012).  The reasons for compliance with law.  In R. Goodman, D. Jinks & A. Wood (Eds.), Understanding Social Action, Promoting Human Rights. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Lentz, S.A. & Chaires, R.H. (2007).  The invention of Peel’s principles: A study of policing “textbook” history.  Journal of Criminal Justice, 35(1), 69-79.

Lee, C.G., Cheesman, F., Rottman, D., Swaner, R., Lambson, S., Rempel, M. & Curtis, R. (2014). A Community Court Grows in Brooklyn: A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Red Hook Community Justice Center Final Report. Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts.

Leben, S. (2011).  Considering procedural fairness concepts in the courts of Utah.  Paper Presented at the educational conference for the Utah State Courts, Midway, Utah.

Kubrin, Charis E., Steven F. Messner, Glenn Deane, Kelly McGeever, Thomas D. Stucky (2010), Proactive Policing and Robbery Rates Across U.S. Cities. Criminology, 48(1): 57-97.

Kopenovich, S., Yanos, P., Pratt, C. & Koerner, J. (2013).  Procedural justice in mental health courts: Judicial practices, participant perceptions, and outcomes related to mental health recovery.  International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 36, 113-120.

Komarovskaya, I., Maguen, S., McCaslin, S.E., Metzler, T.J., Madan, A., Brown, A.D., Galatzer-Levy, I.R., Henn-Haase, C. and Marmar, C.R. (2011). The impact of killing and injuring others on mental health symptoms among police officers. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(10), 1332-1336.

Kohler-Hausmann, I. (2014). Managerial justice and mass misdemeanors. Stanford Law Review, 66(3), 611-692.

Kohler-Hausmann, I. (2013).  Misdemeanor justice: Control without conviction.  American Journal of Sociology, 119, 351-393.

Kochel, T.R. (2012).  Can police legitimacy promote collective efficacy?  Justice Quarterly, 29(3), 384-419.